One of the major problems causing medication errors is ineffective communication between patients and health personnel. This paper discusses the communication issues in the healthcare environment and how medication errors can be avoided through effective communication. An internet-based search was conducted to locate relevant articles published between 2004 and 2017. Only articles that touch upon communication and health-related issues were selected. Online sources such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were utilized. The importance of good communication practices for effective health and improved patient safety in hospital settings has been highlighted. It is evident from this review that poor communication most frequent causes adverse effects, delay in treatment, medication errors, and wrong-site surgery. The major communication issues in healthcare environment include language barriers, the medium of communication, physical setting, and social setting. Healthcare workers tend to use technical language in the workplace because they consider the tone of communication to be always professional. It has been established that knowledge on professional-patient communication is essential and valuable in improving therapeutic outcomes. Patients need knowledge and support in order to be able and motivated to undergo medicine therapy. Health practitioners need to take responsibility for demanding and creating an environment where high-quality healthcare counselling is routinely practiced. To promote safe and effective practice in hospitals and avoid medication errors, clinicians should adhere to teamwork and effective communication with the patients. There is a need for designing strategies such as effective communication and teamwork amongst healthcare professionals, which can consequently influence the quality of healthcare services and patient outcomes.

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Background & Study Aim: The purpose of the current case study was to describe the activity pattern of individual exponents during competitive fights completed before and after six weeks circuit training programme. Material & Methods: Thirteen and 16-year-old experimental (E13 and E16) and control (C13 and C16) participants were paired and videoed with fighting before and after 6-week training. Exponents were chosen based on their age, maturation, weight, competitive standard (none had participated in an official silat match), and initial fitness performance. All matches were converted into .mpg files and analysed using the same procedure. The distribution of outcomes was analysed and used as an index of performance for more detailed analysis. Results: The E13 increased the frequency of kicking during competition post-training, which is suggested to reflect transference of improved fitness to competition. Both E13 and C13 improved the ability to dodge their opponent attacks, likely reflecting a response to technical coaching. The frequency of actions during competition generally decreased for both older participants, suggesting limited fitness transference to competition. All individuals demonstrated some meaningful improvements in fitness following the intervention period. However, these responses did not necessarily reflect the group finding. Conclusions: This was the first case study to examine the changes in competitive fighting performance of four young performers from experimental and control groups following a silat-specific circuit training programme. Therefore, fitness gains together with technical coaching may transfer to competition in younger exponents, while alterations in strategy may have been more decisive in the older group. The research has provided further insight of fitness development and trainability, and also transference fitness into competitive performance in youth silat which may help to facilitate coaches of the demands and requirements of the combat sport.

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Immersion is one of the most important aspects in ensuring the applicability of Virtual Reality systems to training regimes aiming to improve performance. To ensure that this key aspect is met, the registration of motion between the real world and virtual environment must be made as accurate and as low latency as possible. Thus, an in-house developed Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) system is developed for use in tracking the movement of the player's racquet. This IMU tracks 6 DOF motion data and transmits it to the mobile training system for processing. Physically, the custom motion is built into the shape of a racquet grip to give a more natural sensation when swinging the racquet. In addition to that, an adaptive filter framework is also established to cope with different racquet movements automatically, enabling real-time 6 DOF tracking by balancing the jitter and latency. Experiments are performed to compare the efficacy of our approach with other conventional tracking methods such as the using Microsoft Kinect. The results obtained demonstrated noticeable accuracy and lower latency when compared with the aforementioned methods.

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The role of skill in task execution among elite rugby players has become the focus of numerous researchers. Thus, this study aimed to explore the frequency, the most highly utilized and successful as well as unsuccessful attempts of evasive agility skills executed by attacking ball carriers among elite rugby players and their relationship to selected phase outcomes. The study undertaken was a structured non-participant observational descriptive study, conducted through notational analysis of the recorded 2015 Rugby World Cup matches with the sample being attacking ball carriers among the top three and bottom three elite rugby teams which participated in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The descriptive analyses of the current study undertaken revealed that attacking ball carriers among the top three displayed a 59% (straight), 39% (side-step) and 2% (crossover-step) while the bottom three exhibited a 45% (straight), 52% (side-step) and 3% (crossover-step) of these movement patterns. Alternatively, the inferential statistical analyses indicated that for both the teams there was no significant difference in the frequency of the execution of the side-step and crossover-step (p>0.05) while a significant difference was observed for these teams for the straight evasive agility skill (p<0.05). The straight evasive agility skill was the most frequently executed and highly utilized and though portraying a high rate of being unsuccessful yet depicted a greater occurrence of positive phase outcomes in terms of breakdown wins (top three) and offloads as well as line breaks for both teams. Conversely, the side-step evasive movement pattern was the most frequently executed and highly utilized by the bottom three and though depicting unsuccessful attempts, was found to be associated with the high occurrence of tackle breaks for both the teams. On the other hand, the very minimal frequency of execution and utilization by both the teams indicated that there was generally a very weak association with the selected phase outcomes. Thus this study advocates the paramount importance of analyses of match play performances prior to the development of training programs for any selected skill that would have distinct implications in the context of sport specific performance.

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The present study has been conducted to investigate the effects of self-talk on free throw performance and the level of anxiety among male novice basketball players. Forty-eight (48) male novice basketball players (22.27 ± 1.47 years) was selected. The participants were assigned into four matched groups of twelve (12) participants: instructional self-talk (IST), motivational self-talk (MST) and the combination of instructional and motivational self-talk (CIMST) and control. Throw accuracy and anxiety's level were measured on a 5-point scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI). Training protocol contains a pre-test and post-test to indicate the intervention effect on anxiety level and free throw performance. The participants compete against each other to get the highest score in post free throw performance. The data were analyzed by using mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA). The finding showed that state and trait anxiety level of post-intervention was significantly lower than pre-intervention in all groups (p<.05). The results of free throw performance showed the instructional self-talk intervention group was significantly improved from pre-intervention to post-intervention followed by the combination of instructional and motivational self-talk intervention group, motivational self-talk intervention group and control group (p<.05). However, there was no significant differences in anxiety level and free throw performance among all groups (p>.05). Therefore, it is recommended that self-talk can be used to enhance the free throw performance and reduce the anxiety's level for the novice athletes.

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Knee and hip extension are two proposed mechanisms of non-traumatic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. This study aimed to investigate the changes of the hip extension angles following exertion induced by an overground simulated soccer match-play. Fifteen male recreational players consented to this study and were required to complete a 90 minutes of simulated soccer match-play. Knee and hip angles were measured at initial contact during 45° anticipated side-cutting tasks performed prior to the simulation (time 0 min), at the end of the first half (time 45 min) prior to the second half (time 60 min) and at the end of the soccer match simulation (time 105 min). A two (group: dominant, nondominant) × four (time: 0 min, 45 min, 60 min and 105 min) mixed between- and within- subjects ANOVA was utilized. Results revealed that both knee and hip extension angles were significantly altered over time (knee: F_3,102 = 4.464, p = 0.005, η² = 0.116; hip: F_3,102 = 9.998, p = 0.000, η² = 0.227), however no significant differences were observed between dominant and nondominant sides (knee: F_1,34 = 0.026, p = 0.872, η² = 0.001; hip: F_1,34 = 0.225, p = 0.638, η² = 0.007). Pairwise comparisons indicated that the knee and hip is more during the second half of the simulation (time 60 min and time 105 min), compared to pre-exertion (time 0 min) (p < 0.05). The more erect knee and hip landing postures observed suggested a greater risk of ACL injury during the latter stage of each halves of match-play, supporting epidemiological observations. Further interrogations of the kinematic differences in the knees and hips across limb dominance are warranted for a more comprehensive understanding of the changes in a multiplanar perspective following soccer specific fatigue development.

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Body measurement is the first process that must be encountered before any custom-made compression garment can be designed. The current practice of obtaining the measurement is by traditional methods using tools like measuring tape. However, this method is considered to be time-consuming and usually not accurate. The most popular solution to the problem is by using non-contact measurement. The development of the 3D whole body scanner has made non-contact body measurement become a reality due to its capacity to capture a vast amount of information. However, the cost to buy the whole body scanner is quite expensive. Moreover, their sizes are also bulky which make them less portable. Thus, a handheld body scanner provides a solution to the problem. Despite that, current handheld scanner only provide image and visualization aspect, but not the measurement aspect. This paper reports the development of a method to acquire body data from a 3D handheld scanner. In this new method, the point cloud of a body part was collected using the handheld scanner. Then, the data was transformed into point coordinates. Several processes were developed to filter the number of points to allow for faster processing time and increasing the measurement accuracy. In the first process, only points at specific height/layers are selected. In the second process, the remaining points are rearranged according to their height and angle. In the last process, the number of points is further reduced. In this process, the number of points per layer is limited to 72 points. Results show that the method can be used to determine body measurement.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if six weeks of plyometric training can improve an athlete's agility performance in silat olahraga. Protocol: Thirty-four (n=34) silat olahraga athletes (mean age 14 ± 3.22 years old), mean weights (42 ± 10.89 kg), mean heights (148 ± 8.79 cm) were selected as a subject for this study. All subjects were randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental group). Seventeen athletes (n=17) in experimental group performed conventional silat workout routine and plyometric training for 6-week for 2 sessions per week in 45 min to 1 hour while the control group (n=17) only performed conventional silat workout routine. All subjects participated in hexagon agility test. The subjects were required to attend the pre-test on a week before the intervention for pre-test session, mid-test on the third week of the intervention training, and post-test session on the end of intervention week. Repeated measure mixed between-within ANOVA was utilized to analyze the results. Results: End of the 6-week intervention, results revealed, agility performance were statistically changed across the times (p<0.05) in the experimental group. The plyometric training group had a quicker time and reduced time on the ground across the time for the hexagon agility test. The results of this study proved that plyometric training could be an effective training technique to improve the agility performance among silat olahraga athletes.

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Gross motor development is an essential factor for specific skills required in different sports. This study aimed at assessing the level of gross motor development of school children in the district of Kuala Pilah. The objectives of this study are to identify the level of locomotor and object control amongst the children in the area, identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst children based on their gender and identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst the children based on the location of the schools. This study is non-trivial as the development of gross motor control in children are significant for their involvement in sports, games and recreational activities. Failure to control motor skills may have an impact on the children in the context of their daily interactions, self-confidence, and learning ability. This study involves 160 children aged 7 years old pooled from 8 different primary schools. The data collected was analysed based on the TGMD (Test of Gross Motor development) and interpreted via the GMQ (Gross Motor Quotients). The result from the t-test suggests that there is no significant difference between the genders concerning the gross motor development of children in the district of Kuala Pilah. However, if was found that there is a significant differences between children of urban and rural schools based on the measured gross motor development.

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Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) can be used to revive movement functions of the human body to a certain degree which was lost due to occurrences of the nervous system disorders resulting from accidents or diseases. It can also be employed for gait rehabilitation as well as therapy. Control systems could be employed to improve on the FES-induced motion, and the closed-loop was targeted due to its advantages. Based on the papers reviewed, studies have shown that the linear control schemes are popular for movement restoration in the lower limb, but mostly for continuous standing contributing to mainly the stance phase. Therefore, a myriad of limitations was observed which include: the need for using improved sensors, re-tuning for every subject, tests conducted using patient with more straightforward ailments, complexity in implementation and most importantly is the issue of stability. The swing phase of gait movement and the full walking motion have more complex dynamics and coupled with the nature of the plant (human with nervous system disorder and the neuromuscular structure) could render the linear control method obsolete or unsuitable. Hence, there is a need to investigate other techniques such as the nonlinear and intelligent control methods.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between coach-athlete relationship and motivation among UiTM Shah Alam athletes. The participants in this study consisted of 260 athletes (130 male and 130 female) participating in different individual and team sports. The coach-athlete relationship was measured by using Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) meanwhile The Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) was used to measure the athletes' motivation level. Pearson correlation test shows moderate linear correlation between coach-athlete relationship and motivation (r = .32, p = .00). Thus, this finding revealed that athletes who have a good quality of relationship with their coaches tend to be more motivated due to the power of coaches that can influence the athletes' psychological well-being and physical performance.

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Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behaviour through the process of association. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a newly learned response in a person or animal. It is the process of associating, and consequently, providing meaning to a neutral stimulus with another meaningful stimulus, in order to elicit similar response and the basic processes that occur in classical conditioning include acquisition, stimulus generalisation, stimulus discrimination, and extinction. It is, in fact, no doubt that Pavlovian theory is also known as the theory of classical conditioning has an impeccable illustration of associative learning, this paper attempts to depict its application to learning motor skills as well as to critically evaluate its influence in sports.

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Throwing ball velocity is one of the indicators that determine softball performance. However, most of the training on throwing only focused on the major muscles and they neglected the assisted muscles such as hand grip and trunk rotation muscles that also crucial in improving the throwing performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the effect of hand grip strength training, and trunk rotation strength training towards the throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players. 54 female collegiate softball players were equally divided into three training groups which are hand grip strength training group (HG), trunk rotation strength training group (TR), and basic strength training group (CG). All the groups performed the same basic strength training program with different additional strength training according to the group's treatment. Each group trained 3 days per week for 6 weeks. Throwing ball velocity was assessed before (pretest) and after (posttest) the 6 weeks training program via one-way between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the mean gained score in throwing ball velocity between each group. The result shows that all group significantly differences in throwing ball velocity (p<.05). The post-hoc test indicates that all training group significantly differences to each other except for HG and TR group. This study demonstrates that additional training of HG and TR are able to increase the throwing ball velocity rather than performing the basic strength training only. However, both strength training provides a similar impact on throwing ball velocity, therefore, both of the training are considered important to improve the throwing performance.

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Study aim: The study determined the association between self-esteem, depression, social support and quality of life among patients with cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and spinal cord injury. Material and methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. A total of 60 participants (30 stroke patients and 30 spinal cord injured patients) participated in this study. The selected psychosocial variables such as Depression and Self Esteem were assessed using Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire (BDI) and Self Esteem Questionnaire (SE) respectively. Also, social support and quality of life were assessed using Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ6) and Short Form (SF-36) Health Questionnaire respectively. The association between social support, depression, self-esteem and quality of life in both spinal cord injury and stroke patients and the demographic variables were analyzed using Spearman rho. However, independent sample t-test was used to analyze the difference between social support, depression, self-esteem and quality of life in spinal cord injury and social support, depression, self-esteem and quality of life in stroke. Results: The outcome of this study showed that there is a significant difference in depression between both stroke and spinal cord injury patients (p<0.05). The findings also showed a significant association between depression, quality of life and age in stroke patients. Equally, there was a significant association between depression, social support, and age in spinal cord injury patients. Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that even though stroke patients receive more social support and have a higher quality of life, they are still more depressed and have lower self-esteem compared to spinal cord injury patients. It was thus recommended that physiotherapists and other health professionals should make an appropriate assessment of the quality of life, self-esteem, depression and social support of stroke and spinal cord injury patients to enable proper management of these individuals.

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Introduction. Coaching behaviour, motivational climate and its influence towards performance satisfaction are important in understanding the development and growth of athletes. In general, positive coaching behaviours could help in enhancing the motivational climate and satisfaction of athletes while negative coaching behaviour might have the opposite effect. Therefore, this study explored the influence of volleyball coaches' behaviour on elite volleyball players' motivational climate and performance satisfaction. Methodology. Three hundred and twenty eight elite volleyball players (137 male and 191 female, age: 24.42 ± 8.92 years old) participated in this study. They completed three questionnaires: the Coaching Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). These questionnaires were used to assess athletes' perceptions of their coaches' behaviour, to examine the influence of athletes' perceptions of the individual feedback received on their perceptions of the team's motivational climate and to measure the elite volleyball players' satisfaction of their team's performance. Results & Discussion. There was a positive relationship between motivational climate and performance satisfaction (r=0.25); coaching behaviour and performance satisfaction (r=0.26); motivational climate and performance satisfaction (r=0.40). For CBQ, the mean score showed that coach support (2.97 ± 0.40) was the most important as compared to negative coaching behaviour (2.44 ± 0.45). For ASQ, the mean score showed that team integration (5.33 ± 1.00) was the most important subscale influencing athlete satisfaction. The lowest rated athlete satisfaction was external agents, example, facilities and supporters (4.56 ± 0.95). For PMCSQ-2, a higher mean was reported for task-involving climate, example, cooperative learning, effort/improvement, important role (5.36 ± 0.89) than ego-involving climate, example, intra-team member rivalry, unequal recognition, punishment for mistakes (4.09 ± 0.95). Conclusion. Coaches should look into their own coaching behaviour because it is a fundamental aspect in enhancing the performance of athletes with respect to motivational climate and performance satisfaction.

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Physical fatigue or muscle fatigue is a common problem that affects people who are vigorously involved in activities that require endurance movements. It becomes more complicated to measure the fatigue level when the dynamic motion of the activity is included. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a wearable device that can be used for monitoring physical fatigue condition during aerobic exercise. A 10-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) micro-controller board was used to process the data sensed by Ag/AgCl electrodes and real-time transmitted to the computer through Bluetooth's technology. The wearable was attached to the knee and connected to the biopotential electrodes for sensing the muscle movement and convert it into the electrical signal. The signal then processed by using the fourth-order Butterworth filter to filter the low-pass filter frequency and eliminate the noise signal. The results reveal that the fatigue level increased gradually based on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), using 10-point Borg's scale, which is rated by the subject's feeling. Both muscle's activities in lower limb rise as speed is increased, and it was also observed that the rectus femoris is functioning more than gastrocnemius due to the size of muscle fiber. Furthermore, it was established that the maximum volumetric contraction (MVC) could be used as a reference and indicator for measuring the percentage of contraction in pre-fatigue but not to fatigue induced experiment. However, this wearable device for EMG is promising to measure the muscle signal in the dynamic motion of movement. Consequently, this device is beneficial for a coach to monitor their athlete's level of exhaustion to be not over-exercise, which also can prevent severe injury.

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Data from a two-year study suggest that water training has similar effects to a somatic practice. The nature of this study questioned an underlying assumption that dancers understood how to appropriately engage their external rotation. Principal Investigator (PI) hypothesized that working with water as a cross-training method would both strengthen and increase the range of motion of femoral external rotation. Subjects (university dancers) underwent pre- and post-testing measurements (passive and active external rotation and internal rotation). The study consisted of twice a week, 30 to 45-minute water conditioning classes, for six weeks. Programs assisting in angle analysis and determining statistical significance, included: ImageJ, Microsoft Excel, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS IMB version 24). Qualitative data were processed by an open source Python package, Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) used specifically for text mining. The results reflected that quantitative measurement methods were not effective, indicating no statistical significance in increasing active or passive external rotation. PI observed an increase in perceived awareness of the subject's external rotation through a qualitative survey. This affirmed PI hypothesis that water training augments kinesthetic awareness in much the same way as a somatic practice. This study encourages the use of water training to develop a dancer's kinesthetic sensing by creating a positive learning experience that teaches body awareness in a new environment.

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